SO₂ data and alert service

Introduction

Slant column density vs. vertical column density

Geographic regions

Data presentation and delivery

Solar Zenith Angle

What is the Dobson Unit?

Slant column retrieval

Background correction

Reference spectrum

Cloud cover fraction

Near-real time service

Criteria for exceptional SO2 concentrations

Air-mass factor using look-up tables

Air-mass factor using a chemistry transport model

SO2 column from OMI

Time period of available data

Data format specification

Data and Service version history

Validation of the data products

South Atlantic Anomaly

Downloading data & image files

Documentation

References

Acronyms

Acknowledgments

References

• Bogumil, K., Orphal, J. and Burrows, J.P.: 2002,
  "Temperature dependent absorption cross sections of O3, NO2, and other atmospheric trace gases measured with the SCIAMACHY spectrometer,"
  in Looking down to Earth in the New Millennium, Proceedings of the ERS-ENVISAT Symposium,
  16-20 October 2000, Gothenburg, Sweden, ESA publication SP-461.

• Bovensman, H., Burrows, J.P., Buchwitz, M., Frerick, J., Noel, S., Rozanov, V.V., Chance, K.V. and Goede, A.P.H.: 1999,
  "SCIAMACHY - Mission objectives and measurement modes,"
  J. Atmos. Sci. 56, 127-150.

• Burrows, J.P., Dehn, A., Deters, B., Himmelmann, S., Richter, A., Voigt, S. and Orphal, J.: 1998,
  "Atmospheric Remote Sensing Reference Data from GOME:
  1. Temperature-Dependent Absorption Cross Sections of NO2 in the 231-794 nm Range",
  J. Quant. Spectrosc. & Radiat. Transfer 60, 1025-....

• Burrows, J.P., Richter, A., Dehn, A., Deters, B, Himmelmann, S, Voigt, S, and Orphal, J.: 1999,
  "Atmospheric Remote Sensing Reference Data from GOME:
  2. Temperature-Dependent Absorption Cross Sections of O3 in the 231-794 nm Range,
  J. Quant. Spectrosc. & Radiat. Transfer 61, 509-517.

• Carn, S.A., Krotkov, N.A., Yang, K., Hoff, R.M., Prata, A.J., Krueger, A.J., Loughlin, S.C. and Levelt P.F.: 2007,
  "Extended observations of volcanic SO2 and sulfate aerosol in the stratosphere,"
  Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 7, 2857-2871.

• Carn, S. A., and A. J. Krueger: 2004,
  "Fire at Iraqi sulfur plant emits SO2 clouds detected by Earth Probe TOMS,"
  Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, L19105.

• Carn, S.A., Krueger, A.J., Krotkov, N.A., Yang, K. and Evens, K.: 2008,
  "Tracking volcanic sulfur dioxide clouds for aviation hazard mitigation,"
  Natural Hazards, 20 March 2008, doi: 10.1007/s11069-008-9228-4.

• Carn, S.A., Krueger, A.J., Krotkov, N.A., Yang, K. and Levelt P.F.: 2007,
  "Peruvian copper smelter emissions measured by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument,"
  Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, L09801, doi:10.1029/2006GL029020.

• Chance, K. and Spurr R.J.D.: 1997,
  "Ring effect studies: Rayleigh Scattering, including molecular parameters for Rota-tional Raman Scattering, and the Fraunhofer Spectrum,"
  Appl. Opt. 36 5224-5230.

• Eckhardt, S., Prata, A.J., Seibert, P., Stebel, K. and Stohl, A.: 2008,
  "Estimation of the vertical profile of sulfur dioxide injection into the atmosphere by a volcanic eruption using satellite column measurements and inverse transport modeling,"
  Atmos. Chem. Phys., submitted.

• Eisinger, M. and Burrows, J.P.: 1998,
  "Tropospheric sulfur dioxide observed by the ERS-2 GOME instrument,"
  Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, no. 22, 4177-4180.

• Fayt, C. and Van Roozendael, M.: 2001,
  WinDOAS 2.1 Software User Manual,
  BIRA-IASB, Brussels, Belgium.
  http://www.oma.be/BIRA-IASB/Molecules/BrO/WinDOAS-SUM-210b.pdf

• Graf H.-F., Feichter, J. and Langmann, B.: 1997,
  "Volcanic sulfur emissions: Estimates of source strength and its contributions to the global sulfate distribution,"
  J. Geophys. Res. 102, 10,727-10,738.

• Khokhar, M.F., Frankenberg, C., Hollwedel, J., Beirle, S., Kühl, S., Grzegorski, M., Wilms-Grabe, W., Platt U. and Wagner, T.: 2004,
  "Satellite remote sensing of atmospheric SO2: volcanic eruptions and anthropogenic emissions,"
  Proceedings of the ENVISAT & ERS Symposium,
  6-10 September 2004, Salzburg, Austria, ESA publication SP-572.

• Khokhar, M.F., Frankenberg, C., Van Roozendael, M., Beirle, S., Kühl, S., Richter, A., Platt U. and Wagner, T.: 2005,
  "Satellite observations of atmospheric SO2 from volcanic eruptions during the time period of 1996 to 2002,"
  Adv. Space Res. 36, 879-887.

• Krotkov, N.A., Carn, S.A., Krueger, A.J., Bhartia, P.K. and Yang, K.: 2006,
  "Band Residual Difference Algorithm for Retrieval of SO2 From the Aura Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI),"
  IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 44 (no. 5), May 2006, 1259-1266.

• Krotkov, N.A., McClure, B., Dickerson, R.R., Li, C., Carn, S.A., Bhartia, P.K., Yang, K., Krueger, A., Li, Z., Hains, J.C., Levelt, P.F., Chen, H., Yuan, J., Gong, F. and Bian, X.: 2008,
  "Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) SO2 validation over NE China,"
  J. Geophys. Res. 113 D16S40, doi:10.1029/2007JD008818.

• Krueger, A.J., Walter, L.S., Bhartia, P.K., Schnetzler, C.C., Krotkov, N.A., Sprod, I. and Bluth, G.J.S.: 1995,
  "Volcanic sulfur dioxide measurements from the total ozone mapping spectrometer instruments,"
  J. Geophys. Res. 100, 14,057-14,076.

• Loyola, D., Van Geffen, J., Valks, P., Erbertseder, T., Van Roozendael, M., Thomas, W., Zimmer, W. and Wißkirchen, K.: 2008,
  "Satellite-based detection of volcanic sulphur dioxide from recent eruptions in Central and South America,"
  Advances in Geosciences 14, 35-40.

• Platt, U.: 1994,
  "Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS),"
  in Air Monitoring by Spectroscopic Techniques, M.W. Sigrist (ed.),
  Chemical Analysis Series 127, John Wiley & Sons, New York.

• Richter, A., Wittrock, F. and Burrows, J.P.: 2006,
  "SO2 measurements with SCIAMACHY," in Proceedings of the First Converence on Atmospheric Science,
  8-12 May 2006, Frascati, Italy, ESA publication SP-628.

• Thomas, W., Erbertseder, T., Ruppert, T., Van Roozendael, M., Balis, D., Meleti, C. and Zerefos, C.: 2007,
  "Quantitative analysis of volcanic sulfur dioxide emissions using GOME backscatter measurements,"
  in Proceedings of the First Converence on Atmospheric Science,
  8-12 May 2006, Frascati, Italy, ESA publication SP-628.

• Thomas, W., Erbertseder, T., Ruppert, T., Van Roozendael, M., Verdebout, J., Balis, D., Meleti, C. and Zerefos, C.: 2004,
  "On the retrieval of volcanic sulfur dioxide emissions from GOME backscatter measurements,"
  J. Atm. Chem. 50, 295-320, doi:10.1007/s10874-005-5079-5.

• Van Geffen, J., Van Roozendael, M., Di Nicolantonio, W., Tampellini, L., Valks, P., Erbetseder, T. and Van der A, R.: 2007,
  "Monitoring of volcanic activity from satellite as part of GSE PROMOTE," in Proceedings of the First Converence on Atmospheric Science,
  8-12 May 2006, Frascati, Italy, ESA publication SP-628.

• Van Geffen, J., Van Roozendael, M., Di Nicolantonio, W., Tampellini, L., Valks, P., Erbetseder, T. and Van der A, R.: 2007,
  "Monitoring of volcanic activity from satellite as part of GSE PROMOTE," in Proceedings of the 2007 ENVISAT Symposium,
  23-27 April 2007, Montreux, Switzerland, ESA publication SP-636.

• Vountas, M., Rozanov, V.V. and Burrows, J.P.: 1998,
  "Ring effect: Impact of Rotational Raman Scattering on Radiative Transfer in Earths Atmosphere,"
  J. Quant. Spectrosc. & Radiat. Transfer 60, 943-961.

• Watkin, S.C.: 2003,
  "The application of AVHRR data for the detection of volcanic ash in a Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre,"
  Meteorol. Appl. 10, 301-311.

• Witham, C.S., Hort, M.C., Potts, R., Servranckx, R, Husson, P. and Bonnardot, F.: 2007,
  "Comparison of VAAC atmospheric dispersion models using the 1 November 2004 Grimsvötn eruption,"
  Meteorol. Appl. 14, 27-38.

• Yang, K., Krotkov, N.A., Krueger, A.J., Carn, S.A., Bhartia, P.K. and Levelt, P.F.: 2007,
  "Retrieval of large volcanic SO2 columns from the Aura Ozone Monitoring Instrument: Comparison and limitations,"
  J. Geophys. Res. 112 D24S43, doi:10.1029/2007JD008825.

• Zerefos, C.S., Gerogiannis, V.T., Balis, D., Zerefos, S.C. and Kazantzidis, A.: 2007,
  "Atmospheric effects of volcanic eruptions as seen by famous artists and depicted in their paintings,"
  Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7, 4027-4042.